ꯕꯜ-ꯃꯤꯜ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯁ ꯀꯤꯎ.ꯇꯤ.꯴꯰꯰

Sand casting is a type of casting process. The molds used in sand casting are generally composed of an outer sand mold and a core. Because the molding materials used in sand casting are inexpensive and readily available, and the mold manufacturing is simple, it can adapt to the single-piece production, batch production and mass production of castings. For a long time, it has always been a basic process in casting production. At present, ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ, ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯶꯰ꯗꯒꯤ ꯷꯰% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯂꯋꯨꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯷꯰%ꯗꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯦ ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯃꯜꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ.

 

 

ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯃꯜꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯈꯉꯅꯩ. ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ, ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯟ-ꯐꯦꯔꯣꯁ ꯑꯦꯂꯣꯌ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ. ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯜꯗ ꯃꯦꯅꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯖ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯤꯚꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯐꯟꯗꯥꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯠꯆꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ-ꯄꯤꯁ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯠꯆ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯛꯂꯤ꯫

ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀꯁꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯖꯑꯣ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯤꯌꯥ ꯍꯥꯃꯔ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯟ ꯄꯤꯠ ꯋꯥꯂꯁꯤꯡ. ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯌꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ{2}} ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯖꯑꯣ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯠ ꯋꯥꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ, ꯖꯤ.ꯑꯥꯔ.ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯣꯂꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯊ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ. ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ, ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯗ-ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯖꯑꯣ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯦꯌꯔ-ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯤꯌꯥ ꯍꯥꯃꯔ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯗꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯠ ꯋꯥꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯣꯂꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯋꯥꯛꯁ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ, ꯂꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯋꯥꯛꯁ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯕꯥ, ꯂꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯋꯥꯛꯁ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯕꯥ, ꯂꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯋꯥꯛꯁ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ, ꯂꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯋꯥꯛꯁ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ, ꯂꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯋꯥꯛꯁ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯁꯨꯡꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯵꯰% ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯕꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯋꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ.

ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ: ꯋꯦꯌꯔ-ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ, ꯍꯥꯃꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯍꯦꯗ, ꯍꯤꯠ-ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ, ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯄꯥꯏꯄꯁꯤꯡ, ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯕꯣꯏꯂꯔ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁꯔꯤꯖꯁꯤꯡ, ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯔꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯀꯆꯔꯤ꯫.

ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣ?

 

1. 20 ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯨꯔꯦꯟꯁ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁ
2. ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯁꯄꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯏꯛꯕꯤꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯄꯦꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ
3. ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯃꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯔꯥꯏꯠ ꯂꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ

ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ

ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ

ꯀꯟꯁꯤꯗꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ .

ꯗꯛꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯱꯹꯵꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯆꯜꯂꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯒꯥ ꯅꯛꯅꯩ. ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯂꯦꯛꯁ ꯐꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯀꯅꯕꯥ, ꯇꯞꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ. ꯗꯛꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯈꯛꯇꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯅꯤ꯫ "ꯔꯤꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯋꯤꯊ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ" ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯗꯛꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ.ꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯕꯣꯜ-ꯃꯤꯜ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡ QT400 ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯂꯤ.

 

 

ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ-ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯑꯦꯂꯣꯌ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ 2.11%.ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯃꯦꯜꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ, ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯦꯞ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯣꯌ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ. ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯅꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡ. ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯄꯤꯇꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯂꯤꯄꯤꯇꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯂꯤꯄꯤꯇꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ, ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯝ-ꯂꯥꯏꯛ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯚꯦꯔꯃꯤꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯕꯜ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯗꯛꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯗꯛꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫
ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯗꯛꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ: ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯇ 3.0-4.0%, ꯁꯤꯂꯤꯀꯣꯟ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯇ 1.8-3.2%, ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯅꯤꯖ, ꯐꯣꯁꯐꯔꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯂꯐꯔ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ 3.0%ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯥꯔꯊ, ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯁ꯭ꯐꯦꯔꯣꯏꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ꯫

ꯗꯛꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯅꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧꯁꯤꯡ

1. ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ: ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯂꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯡꯊꯅꯥ 400-1500ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯅꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ (ꯍꯤꯠ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯃꯦꯟꯇꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ), ꯌꯤꯜꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯡꯊ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ "ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ" ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯪꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ. ꯏꯂꯣꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯲꯴% ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯌꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯂꯣꯗ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ.}
2. ꯐꯦꯇꯤꯒꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯤꯗꯇꯤ: ꯐꯦꯇꯤꯒꯦꯁꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯡꯊ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯴꯵ꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯅꯛꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯉ꯭ꯀꯁꯥꯐꯠ, ꯒꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯛꯂꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯗ.ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯂꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ ꯃꯣꯗꯨꯂꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯤꯗꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯡ-ꯇꯔꯝ ꯂꯣꯗ.ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫
3. ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ: ꯁ꯭ꯐꯦꯔꯤꯀꯜ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯐꯥꯏꯠꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯁ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯟꯠꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯀꯀꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯷꯰%-90% ꯌꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯗꯤꯅꯥꯔꯤ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ.ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ꯫
ꯀ꯭ꯂꯆ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ, ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯁꯟ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ.
4. ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ: ꯅꯟ-ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯗꯤꯅꯥꯔꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯇꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯣꯌ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ.

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣ

 

ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯪꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯂꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯆꯪꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯀꯨꯏꯛ ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯟꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯅꯒꯗꯒꯦ .

1. 20 ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯨꯔꯦꯟꯁ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁ
2. ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯁꯄꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯏꯛꯕꯤꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯄꯦꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ
3. ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯃꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯝꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯔꯥꯏꯠ ꯂꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ

ꯍꯠ ꯇꯦꯒꯁ: ꯕꯜ-ꯃꯤꯜ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯁ ꯀꯤꯎ.ꯇꯤ.꯴꯰꯰, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯕꯜ-ꯃꯤꯜ ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯁ ꯀꯤꯎ.ꯇꯤ.꯴꯰꯰ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤ